加拿大的臭虫：Bed bug

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这种Bed bug经常可以在加拿大的一些老宾馆，青年旅馆发现。
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臭虫（[/FONT]bed bug[/FONT]）俗称壁虱、木虱，属半翅目（[/FONT]Hemiptera[/FONT]）、臭虫科（[/FONT]Cimicidae[/FONT]）。嗜吸人血的臭虫有[/FONT]2[/FONT]种，即臭虫属的温带臭虫（[/FONT][I]Cimex lectularius[/FONT][/I]）和热带臭虫（[/FONT][I]Cimex hemipterus[/FONT][/I]）。两者形态和生活史均相似。前者分布广泛，后者仅分布在热带和亚热带。[/FONT]
成虫背腹扁平，卵圆形，红褐色，大小为[/FONT]4~5[/FONT]×[/FONT]3mm[/FONT]，遍体生有短毛。头部两侧有[/FONT]1[/FONT]对突出的复眼。触角[/FONT]1[/FONT]对，分[/FONT]4[/FONT]节，能弯曲，末[/FONT]2[/FONT]节细长。喙较粗，分[/FONT]3[/FONT]节，由头部前下端发出，为刺吸式口器，不吸血时向后弯折在头、胸部腹面的纵沟内，吸血时前伸与体约成直角。胸部最显著的是前胸，其背板中部隆起，前缘有不同程度的凹陷，头部即嵌在凹陷内，侧缘弧形，后缘向内微凹。中胸小，其背板呈倒三角形，后部附着[/FONT]1[/FONT]对较大的椭圆形翅基。后胸背面大部分被翅基遮盖。足[/FONT]3[/FONT]对，在中、后足基节间有新月形的臭腺孔。跗节分[/FONT]3[/FONT]节，末端具爪[/FONT]1[/FONT]对。腹部宽阔，可见[/FONT]8[/FONT]节。雌虫腹部后端钝圆，有角质的生殖孔，第[/FONT]5[/FONT]节腹面后缘右侧有一三角形凹陷，称柏氏器（[/FONT]organ of Berlese[/FONT]），是精子的入口。雄虫腹部后端窄而尖，端部有一镰刀形的阴茎，向左侧弯曲，储于尾器槽中。[/FONT]
两种臭虫形态的主要区别是温带臭虫前胸前缘凹陷深，两侧缘向外延伸成翼状薄边；热带臭虫前胸的凹陷较浅，两侧缘不外延。[/FONT]
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大树

Bed bugs and their relatives represent a small group of ectoparasites which require a blood meal in order to complete their life cycles. They are frequently encountered in homes and if left uncontrolled, may quickly become established and infest adjoining rooms and dwellings.[/FONT]
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( p; Q5 U$ q0 {( c# A0 W1 _Description and Biology:[/FONT] [INDENT]Adult bed bugs measure approximately 1/5 inch in length by 1/8 inch in width. They are reddish-brown in color and typically oval and flattened in shape. After feeding, the abdomen becomes engorged giving the bed bug a somewhat elongated appearance. Immatures are yellowish-white in color. The head bears piercing-sucking mouthparts which enable bed bugs to pierce the skin and retrieve blood from their hosts. The antennae have four segments and two compound eyes are visible. The wings are reduced to short pads and incapable of generating flight. Eggs are white and approximately 1/32 inch long.[/FONT]

[/INDENT]Life Cycle and Habits[/FONT]
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% j+ a. F! Z$ i9 U[INDENT]Bed bugs are nocturnal in their feeding habits, hiding in crevices and cracks during the day. A female can lay a total of 200 to 500 eggs. The eggs are laid in batches of 10 to 50 in areas where the insects hide. The young are hatched in four to 28 (usually about 10) days, depending upon temperature. Newly hatched bed bugs feed and molt five times before reaching maturity. All of the instars are tolerant to starvation and can endure several months or more without a blood meal. In one year, there may be three or more generations. Usually, one blood meal is taken between egg deposition and each instar molt. [/FONT]

% y  `! X0 t/ m" j[/INDENT]Host(s): [/FONT][INDENT]Hosts include man, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, bats, poultry, birds and other warm-blooded animals. The Cimicids in North Dakota that affect man include the common bed bug, [I]Cimex lectularius[/I], and the eastern bat bug, [I]C. adjunctus[/I].[/FONT]
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[/INDENT]Damage/Symptoms:[/FONT] [INDENT]When bed bugs bite, they become completely engorged with blood in from three to fifteen minutes, depending on the bed bugs age and sex. A fluid is injected into the wound while feeding which may cause irritation and inflammation. In many cases welts develop, however, persons bitten by bed bugs may react differently. In some cases, the bite causes little inconvenience. The fact that bed bugs take at least five blood meals prior to maturity has placed these insects under suspicion as potential vectors of disease. However, there is no convincing evidence that this is true.[/FONT]
' Y6 `" w1 Q; g5 q" AInitially, bed bugs are found in bedding and associated tufts, seams, and folds of infested mattresses. As the insects multiply, they spread to window and door casings, pictures, loosened wallpaper, plaster cracks, baseboards and partitions. They are readily moved about in clothing, traveling bags and suitcases, laundry, second hand beds and furniture. Bed bugs are found in just about any habitat which offers darkness, isolation, and protection. This includes new and old buildings. Even the best maintained households are not exempt from invasion, although proper sanitation is the best preventative measure against these and many household pests. Close relatives of bed bugs include the bat bug which is common in attics infested with bats, and swallow and chimney swift bugs which are frequent in homes inhabited by swallows, pigeons, and other wild birds. These insects prefer hosts other than man; however, they may feed on man if the opportunity presents itself.[/FONT]
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大树

Comments:[/FONT] [INDENT]Effective control of bed bugs involves thorough inspection to determine the areas of infestation beforetreatments can be implemented. Careful inspection of all rooms immediately adjoining infested rooms will often reveal hidden bed bugs. Inspect cracks and crevices using a flat bladed instrument that dislodge bed bugs from their hiding places.[/FONT]
5 O  {! c7 c3 J& n6 ZFrequently even when the insects themselves cannot be located, their presence can be determined by looking for dark spots of visible fecal material or remnants of blood on sheets and pillowcases. Insome instances, a distinctive \"sweet\" odor often identifies the presence of a severe infestation.[/FONT]
Bed bug invasions can be prevented by practicing good sanitation. Laundering bedding on a regular basis, routine cleaning and vacuuming of the premises, repairing cracks in the walls and careful inspection of used beds and furniture prior to purchase can reduce the potential infestation. Eliminating bird nests and sealing potential openings in roofs and attics will prevent wild birds and bats from inhabiting the building.[/FONT]
Bed bugs can be controlled using chemical sprays. All areas where bed bugs could be hiding should be treated. This includes the tufts and seams of mattresses, bed frames, box springs, furniture, baseboards, moldings, carpet edges, around window and door casings, and loose wallpaper. Residual sprays containing carbaryl, allethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, sumithrin, tetramethrin, and tralomethrin may be used indoors. All these insecticides, except carbaryl, may be applied to mattresses. However, no insecticide should be used without careful consultation of the label since there may be exceptions regarding use of a specific product. Treated surfaces should be allowed to dry for at least 3 or 4 hours before use. Reinfestations may occur due to difficulties in locating all of the hiding places, or hidden eggs may hatch after the premise has been treated. A second application may be necessary if bed bugs are detected two weeks after the initial treatment.[/FONT]
Bat bugs, swallow bugs and chimney swift bugs may crawl into homes and cause problems after the bats and wild birds have left. An application of the previously mentioned insecticides will give control. In many instances, control measures can be successfully implemented by the homeowner. However, in those cases where professional consultation is required, a reputable pest control operator can provide assistance.[/FONT]
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大树

臭虫后足基部前方有l对臭腺，当受惊动时便会放出臭液，使臭虫爬过的地方都留下难闻的臭气，故得名为臭虫。
% V8 V. [6 P6 ~1 g! s5 z2 {5 k# r臭虫生活史分卵、若虫、成虫三期，成虫变配后必先吸血才能产卵，一个雌虫一生产卵200～300枚，卵长椭圆形，长1毫米、淡黄色，一端有盖，产出的卵由其分泌的快干粘合剂，粘于栖息场所的缝隙内或粗糙的表面上。卵经7～10天孵出若虫，若虫形似成虫，仅虫体较小色较浅，经五次蜕皮发育为成虫，成虫寿命一年，能繁殖3～4代，故它寿命长、繁殖快，具有很强的繁殖势能。



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图 臭虫的生活史
住房的床架、棕棚、蚊帐、草席、桌椅等家具和用具的缝隙是臭虫的主要栖息场所，在严重侵害处，墙缝、地板、门窗、画镜线等处缝隙均能发现，在其栖息场所也常见有许多棕褐色的臭虫粪迹。它畏强光，白天多隐匿于栖息场所的缝隙中，夜间活动吸血。雌、雄臭虫和若虫均能吸血，它们耐饥力强，特别冬季不活动时，成虫不吸血也能活半年，若虫也能存活3～4个月。臭虫虽无翅不能飞，但它活动敏捷、机警，每分钟能爬1～1.65米，特别在夏季活动极为活跃，如它隐匿在家具或衣服行李中，便能随这些物件的携带而转移。
- Z& ]& l+ ^0 ]% v! V0 U1 C臭虫频繁叮人吸血，吸血时能分泌一种防止血液凝固的碱性涎液，通过口器注入人体，使叮刺部位红肿奇痒。抓破后引起继发感染，骚扰睡眠和休息，影响人们的健康和工作。此外，已有从自然界采集的臭虫分离到某些病原体的报道，并证实能在臭虫体内繁殖和随粪便排出，1977年Wills和国内1977～1981年，也都有从现场捕捉的臭虫检出乙型肝炎表面抗原的报道，因此臭虫是否能传病，尚为一个值得引起重视的问题。
臭虫的防治
; K3 n) j2 D9 Q% T7 g(一)侵害调查 臭虫的侵害指征有粪迹、臭虫血迹，活臭虫等，以针挑法结合目测法检查可疑栖息场所(棕棚、床架、画镜线、板墙缝隙、桌椅、沙发等物件)的臭虫侵害指征，严重侵害场所能闻及臭虫的臭味。
(二)环境防治 环境防治的目的是铲除孳生条件，即整顿室内卫生，清除杂物，对床板、墙壁、棕棚等容易孳生臭虫的缝隙，用石灰或油灰堵嵌，有臭虫孳生的墙纸必须撕下烧掉。
0 G7 }* W2 z7 i(三)物理防治
# p% T7 C- ]( ^' }6 u7 b9 w. i1．人工捕捉：敲击床架、床板、炕席、草垫等，将臭虫震下、处死，或用针、铁丝挑出缝隙中的臭虫，予以杀灭。
2．沸水浇烫：臭虫不耐高温，可用开水将虫卵和成虫全部烫死、，对有臭虫孳生的床架、床板等用具可搬至室外，用装有沸水的水壶口对准缝隙，缓慢移动浇烫，务必使缝隙处达到高温，以烫死臭虫及其卵，对孳生有臭虫的衣服、蚊帐，可用开水浸泡。
3．太阳曝晒：对不能用开水烫泡的衣物，可放到强烈的太阳光下曝晒1～4小时，并给予翻动，使臭虫因高温晒死或爬出而被杀死。
7 w1 c, G9 a  F# j6 B, z4．防止散布：在有臭虫活动的居室，对行李家具等物品的迁移(搬迁或买卖)，务必严格检查，并作处理，以防止臭虫的带出、带入而造成播散：
! z+ p5 _+ k4 H(四)化学药物防治
# x4 B9 O3 ~0 Q; u4 ~过去历来采用二二三、六六六、敌百虫、敌敌畏防制臭虫，由于二二三、六六六的停用，敌敌畏、敌百虫持效短暂，也由于这些有机氯、有机磷杀虫剂易使棕棚变脆、断裂，不仅群众不愿接受，而且也难以达到消灭臭虫的目的，所以这几种药目前已不再用于臭虫防治。
倍硫磷是近年经实际使用证明消灭臭虫效果最好的药物，其特点如下：①高效：处理一次能达基本消灭。②持效长：涂药一次能维持药效数月，故它不仅能杀灭环境中的成、若虫，亦能杀灭处理后从卵中新孵出的若虫以及从外界新侵入的臭虫。③使用简便：不需喷药工具，只须用旧毛笔蘸取药液，自行涂刷缝隙。④费用低：处理一户约花一角钱。⑤较安全：倍硫磷毒性比敌敌畏小3倍，涂缝方法也不易被人触摸。
使用时，将50％倍硫磷浓乳液用水稀释50倍，成乳白色的l％倍硫磷药液，用毛笔蘸取，涂于有臭虫的缝隙中，涂药量单人床每张50毫升，侵害轻的，q要涂在有臭虫的缝隙中；侵害严重的，对室内家具、门窗、画镜线、踏脚板等缝隙，需全面处理。旅馆、浴室、集体宿舍等，只要一处查见，同室床铺、物件需全面处理。涂药前，要先擦去灰尘，以防药剂随灰失落。涂药后要晾干几小时。臭虫防治不宜用喷洒的方法，那样不仅效果差，且会使药剂飞溅，既浪费药液又不安全。涂药宜选晴天进行，同时晒洗衣被，最好一个单位(或一个里委)统一行动。在虫情调查的基础上，尽可能做到一处不漏。
除倍硫磷外，杀螟硫磷、辛硫磷有相似的灭臭虫效果，它们的配药方法、使用技术同倍硫磷。

大树

丘疹性荨麻疹：本病与蚊虫叮咬有关，如臭虫、跳蚤、虱、螨、蚊等昆虫叮咬皮肤后注入唾液，诱发的过敏反应。皮疹为绿豆至花生米大小略带纺锤形的红色风团样损害，顶端常有小水疱，有的为半球形隆起的紧张性大水疱，皮疹多发于躯干、四肢，可成片或散在，瘙痒明显。预防措施主要为尽量少到草丛、树荫下或潮湿、蚊虫多的地方，室内可熏蚊香，发生皮疹后可外用含有激素的各种软膏或霜剂，口服抗组胺药如仙特明等，严重者可肌注地塞米松5mg, 一次即可， 或服用泼尼松15－20mg/日，连续3－4天。注意最好不用红花油等，因为有时会致敏，使病情加重。

大树

专业的杀臭虫剂
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http://www.bed-bug.net/

kaixindeyuan

晕。。。。大树怎么又研究这个了开始

大树

晕。。。。大树怎么又研究这个了开始

知道住酒店的朋友遇上了这个，所以说出来。

miamia

真可怕 不要让我碰到阿。。。。

panda-rabbit

天啊~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
" v, H6 W( L+ d2 k1 n/ T: f4 f1 \: I  h不要让我见到阿~
3 \5 i( w) k3 ?! z, M我决定夏天不开窗~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ M1 b# t5 E9 t4 m4 B看完那图都睡不好觉了的说~

newcomer

最近碰到了跳蚤，恼火死我了，怎么杀它呀。多年没见过它了。 thanks

yjiang95

真的有吗？ 怎么办怎么办